Ankle Instability
& Reconstruction

For individuals with chronic ankle sprains or instability, people with certain foot deformities like hindfoot varus or high arches and those with general ligament laxity or conditions like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

Toe Deformity Symptoms

  • Pain while wearing shoes

  • Difficulty finding properly fitted shoes

  • Deformed toes that may become rigid and immovable

  • Corns or calluses from friction

The Causes

  • Congenital: Present at birth, such as curly toe and polydactyly

  • Improper footwear: Tight, narrow, or high-heeled shoes

  • Diseases: Diabetes, stroke, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis

  • Injuries: Fractures from accidents or trauma

The Diagnosis

  • Physical Examination: Visual inspection for deformities, swelling, and range of motion

  • Diagnostic Tests: X-ray, MRI, CT, or ultrasound if nerve involvement is suspected

The Treatment

  • Conservative Treatment: Specially designed shoes, cushions, splints, toe stretching exercises

  • Surgical Treatment: Realignment of bones, tendons, and ligaments; pins may be used for stability